Vicious88
01-27-2010, 11:56 PM
I think I've set a new world record...
You: Hello.
Stranger: • Proximity
- Emphasises physical and geographical closeness which determines the interpersonal attraction
- Festinger et al (1950) – Married college students, randomly allocated across 17 university buildings.
- Ppts asked to name their 3 closest friends – 65% of them lived in the same building, 41% were actually next door neighbours
- Those that lived at the foot of stairways or near a mailbox had the most friends, as they came into contact with more people.
Stranger: • Similarity
- Hays (1988) - More likely to be attracted to someone who is of similar rather than opposite to you.
-Newcomb (1936) – 34 college students given a questionnaire asking about their background, ethnicity, social skills etc.
- Unbeknown to them, were paired up with roommates of similar background to themselves
- Weekly basis – ppts asked to rank their roommate according to how much they liked them.
- Initially – were drawn to them because of proximity, then similarities began to show in the weekly questionnaires
- After 15 weeks – the most stable relationships were of those who had the most in common
You: ... Okay.
You: Are you:
(A) Looking for sex
(B) Looking to send links
(C) Looking for conversation
(D) Specifically looking to talk to men
(E) Specifically looking to talk to women
(F) Looking to mess with people
**You can choose multiple**
Stranger: C
You: Good!
You: How rare.
Stranger: :D
Stranger: i need you to teach me all you know on a2 psychology
You: All I know about psychology is what I've experienced first hand from working along side people....
Stranger: do you get this...
Stranger: • Social Exchange Theory (S.E.T)
- Individual in relationship strives for highest possible rewards at the lowest cost (selfish view)
- Rewards – companionship, being cared for,
- Costs – emotions, financial costs
- Thiabut &Kelley (1959) –individuals go through 4 main features of relationship maintenance:
1. Sampling – weighing up pro’s + con’s of the relationship
2. Bargaining – negotiating rewards + costs which are agreed to
3. Commitment – exchange of rewards + acceptance of costs stabilise relationship, = greater emphasis on relationship
4. Institutionalisation – Norms + values firmly accepted
- Levinger (1976) – Argues chances of marriage surviving depends on 3 factors:
1. Attractions of the relationship – e.g. emotional security, sexual satisfaction
2. Barriers to leaving the marriage – e.g. social + financial pressures
3. Presence of attractive alternatives – e.g. more desirable partner or to be single.
• Divorce more likely when there are : Few attractions (to stay)
Weak barriers
Few attractive alternatives
You: *reading*
You: Okay, I get that.
Stranger: a way to remember it is Sexy Boys Come Inside
You: Okay.
You: So how am I supposed to help you with this again?
Stranger: you just are lol
Stranger: cos i dont have the attention span to read it by myself :D
You: Oh.
You: So I'm suppose to simplify it for you?
Stranger: you could if you like
You: Eh. If you don't *need* me to, I'll trust in your abilities and just assume that having read that somehow helped you.
Stranger: ok, well, i think we should move on to equity theory
Stranger: • Equity Theory –
- Messnick & Cook (1983) - An exchange judged fair if the ratio of perceived inputs (costs) to rewards is equal
- assumes people strive to achieve fairness in relationships and feel distressed if they perceive unfairness i.e. inequity
- Walster (1978) – 4 principles to equity theory:
1. People maximise rewards + minimise negative experiences
2. Distribution of rewards is negotiated = fairness
3. Inequitable relationships → dissatisfaction, felt more by the loser
4. As long as loser feels chance of restoring relationship → endeavour to do so.
- A way of restoring equity;
1. Changing perception of situation, the loser (underbenifited) must convince the overbenitifted that they invest more → overbenifited must realise that.
- Buunk & Yperen (1991) – Married couples who perceive their relationship as equitable are the most happy compared to those that felt underbenefited
• Women feel need to restore equity more than males
• Twice as many women, than men felt underbenifited
• More men than women felt over benefited
Conclusion – Women see equity as a very important factor in a relationship
You: Overbenefited?
You: I'd have to see an example of that, because I've never witnessed a relationship where-in that exists.
Stranger: me neither
Stranger: i think the book is lying to us!
Stranger: to condition us like rats
Stranger: so we conform with the rest of society
You: It is slightly biased against men.
Stranger: i say we start a revolution
Stranger: it is int it, sayin us guys like to get lots of girls pregnant cos it increases our chances of having our genes carried on through offspring
You: I don't think that's what it said. *rereads*
Stranger: lol thats a different bit
You: Oh, okay.
You: Eh, it just seemed like we tend to be spoiled within the relationship while as the women are underappreciated.
You: Which I think may have been the majority of cases 40 years ago, but in modern times things are a bit different within the whole "family dynamic" as far as spouses go.
Stranger: cos we dont care about equity
You: That confused me too...
You: Equity as in physical or emotional assets?
Stranger: both
You: Because I care strongly about my physical and material assets, but I don't keep photo books or anything like that... I'm just not overwhelmingly sintamental (spelling?)
Stranger: sentimental?
You: Yeah, that looks right.
You: Is it implying that in general, women are more prone to care about emotional equity while as men lean more towards physical and material equity?
You: (I'm not complaining, just trying to understand).
Stranger: well its just saying overall women care about both being in balance more than men I think
You: I guess I can see that.
Stranger: as in like they are both 'investing' equal amounts
You: Yeah, I can see that.
You: I've tend to notice a diffrence between the role of homemaker when a woman does it verses a man.
Stranger: have you now
You: But I don't know that that's nessicarilly related beyond how most people view male home makers as unemployed.
Stranger: thats a debate for another day
You: Yeah, that's leaning more towards social pressure than relationship contribution.
Stranger: o Females:
- Have a large investment in their child, they therefore want someone who will be willing to look after their child & put as much investment in.
-Want males who are resourceful & who will have the capability to look after their child [in financial senses].
-Females want to select a male with good genes as these traits will be passed on to their child.
-Another indicator is good parental ability- a female will want to see that the male has the ability to be resourceful and supportive, to show that they can help with the child until it is of child rearing age.
Stranger: o Males:
-Want a female to look youthful [this suggests that they have good fertility].
-They also want an attractive female [good skin/hair] because this suggests hygiene and a good ability to look after themselves and therefore a child.
-Males want to see that the female can be caring and compassionate towards their child.
You: I'm pretty sure the terms of attraction are a bit broader then this, but in regards to breeding specifics, sure, I can see that...
Stranger: ohh yeah, were onto human reproductive behaviour now btw
You: Okay.
Stranger: o Humans, as a race, are promiscuous. They have evolved to be so because promiscuity was essential to impregnate/be impregnated & this was needed for the human race to survive. Research on an e-poll supports this theory as 29% of people admitted to having/had an affair.
Stranger: haha "they", as if the person writing is not human :D
You: Huh.
Stranger: just a joke
You: I know, I get it... My mind wandered to aliens finding this book after we're extinct, sorry.
Stranger: its bound to happen someday
Stranger: partner selection;
The two sexes have different preferences on what they want in a partner.
These differences can be analysed by looking at dating agency adverts done by the two sexes.
Dunbar and Waynforth, 1995, carried out a study using 900 personal adverts from North American Newspapers. They found that a younger partner was important to just fewer than half the men compared to only a quarter of women. Physical attractiveness was sought by 44% of men compared with 22% of women. However this is based in the USA and so is culturally biased.
David Buss, 1989, carried out a cross cultural study over 33 countries taken from five continents. He explored partner preferences and found that:
-Men valued physical attractiveness over women.
-Men valued women who were younger than themselves.
-Women valued financial capacity of potential partners and qualities associated with financial success more than men.
Some researchers also looked at homosexual relationships.
-Bailey and Zuker, 1995, looked at the preferences of both gay and straight men and found them to be very similar. Both showed a large amount of interest in physical attractiveness of their partner and uncommitted sex. Both sets of men were relatively uninterested in financial success.
-Kenrick et al, 1995, compared the age preferences of homosexuals and heterosexuals. They used 783 singles adverts & found that age preferences were similar. Both were happy with the idea of a partner who was up to five years older or younger in their 20’s. However, as both groups aged their preferences were of younger partners.
You: Alright... No real room for comment as that's pretty straight forward.
Stranger: ok, heres some stuff on the differences in reproductive behaviour between males and females
Stranger: 1. The tendency to engage in casual sex- a much documented difference between males and females is the tendency to engage in casual sex (Buss & Shchmidt, 1993). On balance, men tend to be much more likely to have short term relationships & one night stands than women.
Clark & Hatfield’s studies, 1989, 1990- show this concept. A sample of male and female students approached total strangers of the opposite sex on campus and pre-posititioned them with one of three requests which were to go out with them that night, go back to their house with them, or to have sex with them. Clark and Hatfield found that whilst 50% of men and women agreed to go out that night, unsurprisingly none of the women prepositioned by men agreed to have sex with a stranger. However 75% of the men approached agreed to have sex- although only 69% agreed to go back to the person’s house. Even when Clark modified the experiment to reassure the trustworthiness of the stranger, females were still reluctant to have sex, Buss & Schmidt, 1993, found the same effect with lesbians.
Stranger:
2. Men tend to seek and desire more sexual partners than women. Buss & Schmidt, 1993- asked how many sexual partners’ people would ideally have over two years, the next decade, and during their lifetime. On average men would like 8 partners over the next two years, compared to a woman’s one partner. Over a lifetime the averages were, respectively, 18 (men) and between 4&5 (women).
Stranger:
3. Differences in sexual jealousy. Whilst both men and women feel jealousy at betrayal of a partner, evidence shows that what makes them feel jealous may be different. Buss, 1993, asked male and female students to imagine their boyfriend/girlfriend either having sex with someone else or loving them. Whilst engaging in these fantasies they were wired up to measure stress responses. The researchers found that men became more distressed at the idea of a partner being sexually unfaithful, whereas women became more distressed at the idea of their partner being in love with someone else.
Schuzwohl, 2004, replicated this study and used a questionnaire asking students to make a choice between sexual or emotional infidelity in their partner. He measured the decision times to respond and found that those who selected the adaptive response took less time than those who selected the less adaptive response.
Stranger:
4. Sexual fantasies and dreams. Ellis and Symons, 1990, found that men are more likely to have sexual dreams than women, especially those involving multiple or anonymous partners and strangers.
Stranger: ISSUES, DEBATES AND APPROACHES;
It is important to consider that many of the studies in this area have ethical implications. Clarke and Hatfield’s were done on campus and with a lack of informed consent and deception occurred. Studies that involved sexual jealousy may have led to a degree of stress or emotional distress (although participants agreed to take part). There are also demand characteristics present. For example in Ellis and Symons’ research females may have given a socially desirable response (they don’t have fantasies) rather than the truth.
Stranger: interesting stuff
You: *still reading, got about a paragraph to go*
You: Done. Huh...
You: It'd be neat to see a world-wide survey done to see what the general results are, and perhaps sort by cultures and nations.
Stranger: im sure i have sumthin like that somewhere lol
You: Because I'd imagine our results in America would differ hugely from those of the people in the Congo, or in Japan (for instance).
Stranger: iv got paaaaaaaaaaaaaaages to read through
You: Huh, I may repost this on my website, as it's definately interestings.
You: It seems biased, but I can't really argue with it knowing that it's true, lol.
Stranger: • Moghaddam et al (1993) – Relationships in Western societies tend to be individualistic, voluntary + temporary. Those in the (Eastern) collectivist societies tend to be collectivist, obligatory + permanent
- Collectivistic cultures - favour arranged marriages, more traditional, = differences in nature of relationships. Make choices dependent on family, class or caste, although there is a shift towards slightly more Western attitudes
- Individualistic cultures – Western expectation of individual to make own choices about relationships.
• What makes cultures individualist and others collectivist?
- Goodwin (1999) – Identified 3 possibilities
1. Religion – some emphasise strong notion of collective wellbeing
2. Economic wealth – very poor → pool resources = collectivism and vice versa
3. Geographical proximity –
- Gupta and Singh (1982) – Research of 50 arranged marriages and love marriages = Love increases over time in arranged marriages, but decreases in love marriages.
• Possible benefits and costs of individualism and collectivism
You: Looks like you found it, lol
Stranger: lol loooads more for you here
Stranger: • Dimensions of cultural difference
- Hofstede (1980-1994) – Analysed data on work experience from over 100,000 employees, in 50 different countries. Contended over half of the variance was accounted for by four dimensions:
1. Individualism/Collectivism –
- Individualist societies – strive for autonomy, independence, to be able to fend for themselves, rather than family. ‘I’ comes before the ‘we’. (USA, UK, Australia). Centre on capitalism
- Collectivist societies – ‘we’ comes before any ‘I’. Marriage is seen as the union of 2 families much more than the union of 2 individuals. (Panama, Ecuador and Guatemala). Centre on equality, community and kinship.
2. Power-Distance
- Extent to which members of a culture accept that power in an organisation/institution should be distributed unequally between its members.
- High power distance cultures (Malaysia, Guatemala) accept power is unequally distributed and is backed up by force (coercion). Followers show loyalty and respect to the leaders. Typical of collectivist societies
- Low power distance cultures (Austria, Israel and Denmark) more egalitarian and believe power should only be deployed when it can be justified. Typical of individualist societies.
3. Masculinity/Femininity
- Masculine cultures – (Japan, Venezuela) show a preference for achievement, heroism, and assertiveness and material success.
- Feminine cultures – (Sweden, Holland) show a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the ill and quality of life. Place less emphasis on gender differences.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance
- Extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
- High U.A cultures – (Greece, Guatemala, and Portugal) emphasise consensus, predictability and planning, Have clear explicit rules for dealing with deviance from normal behaviour.
- Low U.A cultures – (Singapore, Denmark, and Jamaica) treat what is seen as ‘different’ to be ‘interesting’
• Voluntary and Involuntary relationships
- Rosenblatt & Anderson (1981) – contend that there are few societies characterised by the extremes of total freewill/choice or no choice at all. Majority have variable characteristics of both.
- found parents biggest say in any form of relationship.
• Permanent and impermanent – the issue of divorce
- Simmel (1971) – Argues individualism associated with higher divorce levels → encourages person to constantly seek the ‘ideal partner’
- Ghuman (1994) – British Asians recognising significance of personal freedom
You: Is this all an ebook or something?
Stranger: its a word document with a load of notes typed up
You: Huh. Very formal notes.
You: I was going to ask for a link to the eBook, lol.
Stranger: yeah, theyre not my notes lol
Stranger: I'll upload it somewhere if you like
You: Sure, you could upload directly to infohub.me if you want, or just link me to rapidshare or whatever you use.
You: Infohub's my site.
You: You should be able to copy them all to one post, I think.
Stranger: sorry dint read that, just uploading to mediafire now
You: Oh, alright, that works.
Stranger: http://www.mediafire.com/?mtorzmjnlyg
You: Alright, cool, thanks.
You: So is this your major?
Stranger: nahh im only at college (in england, so its like before university)
You: Oh, what we call Junior College or Community College in the US.
Stranger: i guess so lol
You: Huh. So what is it you plan on doing for your major?
Stranger: does that mean at uni ?
You: Yeah, what degree you're going after.
Stranger: im plannin on doing television / commercial music production
Stranger: compleeeetely different
You: Ah, nice.
You: I've always heard that working in advertising is supposed to be really exciting.
You: I'm going to start in may on getting my AAS degree in Game and Simulation Development.
Stranger: does that mean you get to play xbox all day lol?
You: I'm not trying to get hired on anywhere, I just want to learn enough skills to teach my friend, and then we can finish making our MMO.
You: Yep, and make games for it.
Stranger: maaake, impressive
Stranger: alright, well thanks for helping me revise, altho im sure youv probably learned more than me ha
You: lol
Stranger: but i better be going to bed its like 1am here !
You: Yeah, you're 6 hours ahead.
You: (Most of the members of my site are Brits, lol)
Stranger: ooooooh im from the fuuutuuruuure
Stranger: ill take a look
You: lol, take care.
Stranger: you too, bye mate :D
You: Bye.
(I've uploaded the file as an attachment, and I'll formate the conversation in red and blue later on)
You: Hello.
Stranger: • Proximity
- Emphasises physical and geographical closeness which determines the interpersonal attraction
- Festinger et al (1950) – Married college students, randomly allocated across 17 university buildings.
- Ppts asked to name their 3 closest friends – 65% of them lived in the same building, 41% were actually next door neighbours
- Those that lived at the foot of stairways or near a mailbox had the most friends, as they came into contact with more people.
Stranger: • Similarity
- Hays (1988) - More likely to be attracted to someone who is of similar rather than opposite to you.
-Newcomb (1936) – 34 college students given a questionnaire asking about their background, ethnicity, social skills etc.
- Unbeknown to them, were paired up with roommates of similar background to themselves
- Weekly basis – ppts asked to rank their roommate according to how much they liked them.
- Initially – were drawn to them because of proximity, then similarities began to show in the weekly questionnaires
- After 15 weeks – the most stable relationships were of those who had the most in common
You: ... Okay.
You: Are you:
(A) Looking for sex
(B) Looking to send links
(C) Looking for conversation
(D) Specifically looking to talk to men
(E) Specifically looking to talk to women
(F) Looking to mess with people
**You can choose multiple**
Stranger: C
You: Good!
You: How rare.
Stranger: :D
Stranger: i need you to teach me all you know on a2 psychology
You: All I know about psychology is what I've experienced first hand from working along side people....
Stranger: do you get this...
Stranger: • Social Exchange Theory (S.E.T)
- Individual in relationship strives for highest possible rewards at the lowest cost (selfish view)
- Rewards – companionship, being cared for,
- Costs – emotions, financial costs
- Thiabut &Kelley (1959) –individuals go through 4 main features of relationship maintenance:
1. Sampling – weighing up pro’s + con’s of the relationship
2. Bargaining – negotiating rewards + costs which are agreed to
3. Commitment – exchange of rewards + acceptance of costs stabilise relationship, = greater emphasis on relationship
4. Institutionalisation – Norms + values firmly accepted
- Levinger (1976) – Argues chances of marriage surviving depends on 3 factors:
1. Attractions of the relationship – e.g. emotional security, sexual satisfaction
2. Barriers to leaving the marriage – e.g. social + financial pressures
3. Presence of attractive alternatives – e.g. more desirable partner or to be single.
• Divorce more likely when there are : Few attractions (to stay)
Weak barriers
Few attractive alternatives
You: *reading*
You: Okay, I get that.
Stranger: a way to remember it is Sexy Boys Come Inside
You: Okay.
You: So how am I supposed to help you with this again?
Stranger: you just are lol
Stranger: cos i dont have the attention span to read it by myself :D
You: Oh.
You: So I'm suppose to simplify it for you?
Stranger: you could if you like
You: Eh. If you don't *need* me to, I'll trust in your abilities and just assume that having read that somehow helped you.
Stranger: ok, well, i think we should move on to equity theory
Stranger: • Equity Theory –
- Messnick & Cook (1983) - An exchange judged fair if the ratio of perceived inputs (costs) to rewards is equal
- assumes people strive to achieve fairness in relationships and feel distressed if they perceive unfairness i.e. inequity
- Walster (1978) – 4 principles to equity theory:
1. People maximise rewards + minimise negative experiences
2. Distribution of rewards is negotiated = fairness
3. Inequitable relationships → dissatisfaction, felt more by the loser
4. As long as loser feels chance of restoring relationship → endeavour to do so.
- A way of restoring equity;
1. Changing perception of situation, the loser (underbenifited) must convince the overbenitifted that they invest more → overbenifited must realise that.
- Buunk & Yperen (1991) – Married couples who perceive their relationship as equitable are the most happy compared to those that felt underbenefited
• Women feel need to restore equity more than males
• Twice as many women, than men felt underbenifited
• More men than women felt over benefited
Conclusion – Women see equity as a very important factor in a relationship
You: Overbenefited?
You: I'd have to see an example of that, because I've never witnessed a relationship where-in that exists.
Stranger: me neither
Stranger: i think the book is lying to us!
Stranger: to condition us like rats
Stranger: so we conform with the rest of society
You: It is slightly biased against men.
Stranger: i say we start a revolution
Stranger: it is int it, sayin us guys like to get lots of girls pregnant cos it increases our chances of having our genes carried on through offspring
You: I don't think that's what it said. *rereads*
Stranger: lol thats a different bit
You: Oh, okay.
You: Eh, it just seemed like we tend to be spoiled within the relationship while as the women are underappreciated.
You: Which I think may have been the majority of cases 40 years ago, but in modern times things are a bit different within the whole "family dynamic" as far as spouses go.
Stranger: cos we dont care about equity
You: That confused me too...
You: Equity as in physical or emotional assets?
Stranger: both
You: Because I care strongly about my physical and material assets, but I don't keep photo books or anything like that... I'm just not overwhelmingly sintamental (spelling?)
Stranger: sentimental?
You: Yeah, that looks right.
You: Is it implying that in general, women are more prone to care about emotional equity while as men lean more towards physical and material equity?
You: (I'm not complaining, just trying to understand).
Stranger: well its just saying overall women care about both being in balance more than men I think
You: I guess I can see that.
Stranger: as in like they are both 'investing' equal amounts
You: Yeah, I can see that.
You: I've tend to notice a diffrence between the role of homemaker when a woman does it verses a man.
Stranger: have you now
You: But I don't know that that's nessicarilly related beyond how most people view male home makers as unemployed.
Stranger: thats a debate for another day
You: Yeah, that's leaning more towards social pressure than relationship contribution.
Stranger: o Females:
- Have a large investment in their child, they therefore want someone who will be willing to look after their child & put as much investment in.
-Want males who are resourceful & who will have the capability to look after their child [in financial senses].
-Females want to select a male with good genes as these traits will be passed on to their child.
-Another indicator is good parental ability- a female will want to see that the male has the ability to be resourceful and supportive, to show that they can help with the child until it is of child rearing age.
Stranger: o Males:
-Want a female to look youthful [this suggests that they have good fertility].
-They also want an attractive female [good skin/hair] because this suggests hygiene and a good ability to look after themselves and therefore a child.
-Males want to see that the female can be caring and compassionate towards their child.
You: I'm pretty sure the terms of attraction are a bit broader then this, but in regards to breeding specifics, sure, I can see that...
Stranger: ohh yeah, were onto human reproductive behaviour now btw
You: Okay.
Stranger: o Humans, as a race, are promiscuous. They have evolved to be so because promiscuity was essential to impregnate/be impregnated & this was needed for the human race to survive. Research on an e-poll supports this theory as 29% of people admitted to having/had an affair.
Stranger: haha "they", as if the person writing is not human :D
You: Huh.
Stranger: just a joke
You: I know, I get it... My mind wandered to aliens finding this book after we're extinct, sorry.
Stranger: its bound to happen someday
Stranger: partner selection;
The two sexes have different preferences on what they want in a partner.
These differences can be analysed by looking at dating agency adverts done by the two sexes.
Dunbar and Waynforth, 1995, carried out a study using 900 personal adverts from North American Newspapers. They found that a younger partner was important to just fewer than half the men compared to only a quarter of women. Physical attractiveness was sought by 44% of men compared with 22% of women. However this is based in the USA and so is culturally biased.
David Buss, 1989, carried out a cross cultural study over 33 countries taken from five continents. He explored partner preferences and found that:
-Men valued physical attractiveness over women.
-Men valued women who were younger than themselves.
-Women valued financial capacity of potential partners and qualities associated with financial success more than men.
Some researchers also looked at homosexual relationships.
-Bailey and Zuker, 1995, looked at the preferences of both gay and straight men and found them to be very similar. Both showed a large amount of interest in physical attractiveness of their partner and uncommitted sex. Both sets of men were relatively uninterested in financial success.
-Kenrick et al, 1995, compared the age preferences of homosexuals and heterosexuals. They used 783 singles adverts & found that age preferences were similar. Both were happy with the idea of a partner who was up to five years older or younger in their 20’s. However, as both groups aged their preferences were of younger partners.
You: Alright... No real room for comment as that's pretty straight forward.
Stranger: ok, heres some stuff on the differences in reproductive behaviour between males and females
Stranger: 1. The tendency to engage in casual sex- a much documented difference between males and females is the tendency to engage in casual sex (Buss & Shchmidt, 1993). On balance, men tend to be much more likely to have short term relationships & one night stands than women.
Clark & Hatfield’s studies, 1989, 1990- show this concept. A sample of male and female students approached total strangers of the opposite sex on campus and pre-posititioned them with one of three requests which were to go out with them that night, go back to their house with them, or to have sex with them. Clark and Hatfield found that whilst 50% of men and women agreed to go out that night, unsurprisingly none of the women prepositioned by men agreed to have sex with a stranger. However 75% of the men approached agreed to have sex- although only 69% agreed to go back to the person’s house. Even when Clark modified the experiment to reassure the trustworthiness of the stranger, females were still reluctant to have sex, Buss & Schmidt, 1993, found the same effect with lesbians.
Stranger:
2. Men tend to seek and desire more sexual partners than women. Buss & Schmidt, 1993- asked how many sexual partners’ people would ideally have over two years, the next decade, and during their lifetime. On average men would like 8 partners over the next two years, compared to a woman’s one partner. Over a lifetime the averages were, respectively, 18 (men) and between 4&5 (women).
Stranger:
3. Differences in sexual jealousy. Whilst both men and women feel jealousy at betrayal of a partner, evidence shows that what makes them feel jealous may be different. Buss, 1993, asked male and female students to imagine their boyfriend/girlfriend either having sex with someone else or loving them. Whilst engaging in these fantasies they were wired up to measure stress responses. The researchers found that men became more distressed at the idea of a partner being sexually unfaithful, whereas women became more distressed at the idea of their partner being in love with someone else.
Schuzwohl, 2004, replicated this study and used a questionnaire asking students to make a choice between sexual or emotional infidelity in their partner. He measured the decision times to respond and found that those who selected the adaptive response took less time than those who selected the less adaptive response.
Stranger:
4. Sexual fantasies and dreams. Ellis and Symons, 1990, found that men are more likely to have sexual dreams than women, especially those involving multiple or anonymous partners and strangers.
Stranger: ISSUES, DEBATES AND APPROACHES;
It is important to consider that many of the studies in this area have ethical implications. Clarke and Hatfield’s were done on campus and with a lack of informed consent and deception occurred. Studies that involved sexual jealousy may have led to a degree of stress or emotional distress (although participants agreed to take part). There are also demand characteristics present. For example in Ellis and Symons’ research females may have given a socially desirable response (they don’t have fantasies) rather than the truth.
Stranger: interesting stuff
You: *still reading, got about a paragraph to go*
You: Done. Huh...
You: It'd be neat to see a world-wide survey done to see what the general results are, and perhaps sort by cultures and nations.
Stranger: im sure i have sumthin like that somewhere lol
You: Because I'd imagine our results in America would differ hugely from those of the people in the Congo, or in Japan (for instance).
Stranger: iv got paaaaaaaaaaaaaaages to read through
You: Huh, I may repost this on my website, as it's definately interestings.
You: It seems biased, but I can't really argue with it knowing that it's true, lol.
Stranger: • Moghaddam et al (1993) – Relationships in Western societies tend to be individualistic, voluntary + temporary. Those in the (Eastern) collectivist societies tend to be collectivist, obligatory + permanent
- Collectivistic cultures - favour arranged marriages, more traditional, = differences in nature of relationships. Make choices dependent on family, class or caste, although there is a shift towards slightly more Western attitudes
- Individualistic cultures – Western expectation of individual to make own choices about relationships.
• What makes cultures individualist and others collectivist?
- Goodwin (1999) – Identified 3 possibilities
1. Religion – some emphasise strong notion of collective wellbeing
2. Economic wealth – very poor → pool resources = collectivism and vice versa
3. Geographical proximity –
- Gupta and Singh (1982) – Research of 50 arranged marriages and love marriages = Love increases over time in arranged marriages, but decreases in love marriages.
• Possible benefits and costs of individualism and collectivism
You: Looks like you found it, lol
Stranger: lol loooads more for you here
Stranger: • Dimensions of cultural difference
- Hofstede (1980-1994) – Analysed data on work experience from over 100,000 employees, in 50 different countries. Contended over half of the variance was accounted for by four dimensions:
1. Individualism/Collectivism –
- Individualist societies – strive for autonomy, independence, to be able to fend for themselves, rather than family. ‘I’ comes before the ‘we’. (USA, UK, Australia). Centre on capitalism
- Collectivist societies – ‘we’ comes before any ‘I’. Marriage is seen as the union of 2 families much more than the union of 2 individuals. (Panama, Ecuador and Guatemala). Centre on equality, community and kinship.
2. Power-Distance
- Extent to which members of a culture accept that power in an organisation/institution should be distributed unequally between its members.
- High power distance cultures (Malaysia, Guatemala) accept power is unequally distributed and is backed up by force (coercion). Followers show loyalty and respect to the leaders. Typical of collectivist societies
- Low power distance cultures (Austria, Israel and Denmark) more egalitarian and believe power should only be deployed when it can be justified. Typical of individualist societies.
3. Masculinity/Femininity
- Masculine cultures – (Japan, Venezuela) show a preference for achievement, heroism, and assertiveness and material success.
- Feminine cultures – (Sweden, Holland) show a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the ill and quality of life. Place less emphasis on gender differences.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance
- Extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.
- High U.A cultures – (Greece, Guatemala, and Portugal) emphasise consensus, predictability and planning, Have clear explicit rules for dealing with deviance from normal behaviour.
- Low U.A cultures – (Singapore, Denmark, and Jamaica) treat what is seen as ‘different’ to be ‘interesting’
• Voluntary and Involuntary relationships
- Rosenblatt & Anderson (1981) – contend that there are few societies characterised by the extremes of total freewill/choice or no choice at all. Majority have variable characteristics of both.
- found parents biggest say in any form of relationship.
• Permanent and impermanent – the issue of divorce
- Simmel (1971) – Argues individualism associated with higher divorce levels → encourages person to constantly seek the ‘ideal partner’
- Ghuman (1994) – British Asians recognising significance of personal freedom
You: Is this all an ebook or something?
Stranger: its a word document with a load of notes typed up
You: Huh. Very formal notes.
You: I was going to ask for a link to the eBook, lol.
Stranger: yeah, theyre not my notes lol
Stranger: I'll upload it somewhere if you like
You: Sure, you could upload directly to infohub.me if you want, or just link me to rapidshare or whatever you use.
You: Infohub's my site.
You: You should be able to copy them all to one post, I think.
Stranger: sorry dint read that, just uploading to mediafire now
You: Oh, alright, that works.
Stranger: http://www.mediafire.com/?mtorzmjnlyg
You: Alright, cool, thanks.
You: So is this your major?
Stranger: nahh im only at college (in england, so its like before university)
You: Oh, what we call Junior College or Community College in the US.
Stranger: i guess so lol
You: Huh. So what is it you plan on doing for your major?
Stranger: does that mean at uni ?
You: Yeah, what degree you're going after.
Stranger: im plannin on doing television / commercial music production
Stranger: compleeeetely different
You: Ah, nice.
You: I've always heard that working in advertising is supposed to be really exciting.
You: I'm going to start in may on getting my AAS degree in Game and Simulation Development.
Stranger: does that mean you get to play xbox all day lol?
You: I'm not trying to get hired on anywhere, I just want to learn enough skills to teach my friend, and then we can finish making our MMO.
You: Yep, and make games for it.
Stranger: maaake, impressive
Stranger: alright, well thanks for helping me revise, altho im sure youv probably learned more than me ha
You: lol
Stranger: but i better be going to bed its like 1am here !
You: Yeah, you're 6 hours ahead.
You: (Most of the members of my site are Brits, lol)
Stranger: ooooooh im from the fuuutuuruuure
Stranger: ill take a look
You: lol, take care.
Stranger: you too, bye mate :D
You: Bye.
(I've uploaded the file as an attachment, and I'll formate the conversation in red and blue later on)